PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after the French winger opened the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to take a shock advantage. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for PSG to complete a 4-1 shootout victory.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the 12th time in the past thirteen years.